21 July 2010
Mountain marmots made bigger by climate change
Longer summers are causing mountain rodents called marmots to grow bigger and be more likely to survive the winter, according to a 33-year study published today (21 July 2010) in Nature.
The research, carried out by a collaboration of scientists in the UK and USA, including the University of Sheffield and Imperial College London, looked at a population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), which are large ground-dwelling `squirrels´ that live at around 3000 metres in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
Regional changes in the climate have created longer summers and have led to marmots waking up earlier from hibernation, giving them more time to reproduce and gain weight before the next hibernation period. The study shows that the marmots are growing fatter and healthier as a result and that the marmot population is increasing in size. Longer summers also mean that individual marmots are reproducing earlier and their offspring are more likely to survive the upcoming winter, so the marmot population is increasing in size.
Yellow-bellied marmots are adapted to living in environments with a short summer and a long winter by hibernating for seven to eight months of the year. Failure to gain enough weight before the colder months can be life-threatening, as a marmot loses around 40 percent of its body mass during hibernation.
Today´s study, which began in 1962 and focuses on the most comprehensive data collected between 1976 and 2008, is the first study of any species to show that a shift in seasonal timing can cause changes in body mass and population size simultaneously.
To reach their conclusions, the researchers analysed data on body mass, survival and reproduction of female yellow-bellied marmots in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Every year, the researchers individually marked marmots at each colony multiple times using numbered ear tags. They recorded the sex, mass and reproductive condition of each animal.
The results show that the average mass of adult marmots increased from 3094 grams in the first half of the study to 3433 grams in the second half. The research also shows that population growth increased from 0.56 marmots per year between 1976 and 2001 to 14.2 marmots per year between 2001 and 2008.
Dr Dylan Childs, from the University of Sheffield's Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, said: "Understanding and predicting how a particular organism might respond to a rapidly changing environment presents a real challenge for scientists, not least because there are many interrelated biological processes that can be influenced by these changes.
"We've tackled this problem by looking in detail at historical patterns. We hope to use this approach in the future to understand how other species may be responding to our rapidly changing world."
Dr Arpat Ozgul, the lead author of the study from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial College London, said: "Marmots are awake for only four to five months of the year. These months are a busy time for them – they have to eat and gain weight, get pregnant, produce offspring and get ready to hibernate again. Since the summers have become longer, marmots have had more time to do all these things and grow before the upcoming winter, so they are more likely to succeed and survive.
"We have observed changes in the body mass of individual marmots over the past 33 years and changes in their population size over the last decade, but we do not know what might happen in the future. Will populations thrive in the changing climate? We suspect that this population increase is a short-term response to the lengthening summers. We hope that by continuing this long-term study we will shed important light on the marmots´ future response to climate change."
Notes for Editors: "Coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth in response to environmental change" Nature, 21 July 2010 Corresponding author: Dr Arpat Ozgul, Imperial College London (For full list of authors please see paper). Download the paper at the link below.
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